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As the term implies, it is the technology of capturing information without coming into physical contact with the object. RS is currently active from four platforms: Ground (terrestrial) Low air ( like Drone ) Air Space RS is active with two sensors Camera Scanner

Camera and Scanner are in use from all platforms Space imagery has the lowest accuracy in position and height. Resolution is in the order of 50 cm Aerial imagery can yield accuracy of 20 cm in position and height. Resolution is still better Drone and terrestrial imagery can provide 5 cm accuracy in position and height

Satellite RS is the most up to date. But resolution being low as compared to others, this is used to update maps derived from other combinations Drones or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) can be used for small or medium sized areas. Camera and or scanner can be fitted. Imagery has high accuracy and resolution. Results cab be processed quickly and at low costs. Aerial photography (digital camera) and scanners are popular for large to medium scale mapping Terrestrial photography (digital camera) and scanner are common and is useful for small areas like heritage sites, parts of a city or estate, huge buildings, etc. Mobile imagery is also gradually coming into use.

Most data is 3D. With date and time recorded, it is actually 4D. Stereo imagery generates 3D imagery.

Ground Control Points (GCPs) are needed to provide accuracy and consistency to the 3D spatial data captured. Accuracy of GCPs is directly related to the accuracy of spatial data base or mapping.

This is a tricky question. Yet the cost range can be estimated as Indian Rs 20,000 to Rs one lakh per sq km. Taking average cost of Rs 50,000 per sq km, cost per hectare is Rs 500 and cost per acre is Rs 200. Note that cost per acre of land even in out-skirts of a city is around Rs 15 lakhs. This show that cost of GIS mapping is insignificant when compared to cost of land and the benefits of use of GIS.